Many leadership theories have provided evidence that leaders affect group success rather than the success of particular individuals. So it is irrelevant to analyze the effects of supervisor traits on the attitudes of individuals whom they supervise. lnstead, assessment of leadership effectiveness should occur only at the group level.

Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to evaluate the argument?

To evaluate a plan to save money on office-space expenditures by having its employees work at home, XYZ Company asked volunteers from its staff to try the arrangement for six months. During this period, the productivity of these employees was as high as or higher than before.

Which of the following, if true, would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of the trial results, to implement the company’s plan?

Nutritionists are advising people to eat more fish, since the omega-3 fatty acids in fish help combat many diseases. lf everyone took this advice, however, there would not be enough fish in oceans, rivers, and lakes to supply the demand; the oceans are already being overfished. The obvious method to ease the pressure on wild fish populations is for people to increase their consumption of farmed fish.

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubt concerning the prospects for success of the solution proposed above?

Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. lf they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. ln fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.

lf the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?

lt is often said that high rates of inflation tend to diminish people’s incentive to save and invest, This view must be incorrect, however, because people generally saved and invested more of their income in the 1970’s when inflation rates were high than they did in the 1980’s when inflation rates were low.

Of the following, the best criticism of the argument above is that it overlooks the possibility that

Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

Either food scarcity or excessive hunting can threaten a population of animals. lf the group faces food scarcity, individuals in the group will reach reproductive maturity later than otherwise. lf the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity earlier will come to predominate. Therefore, it should be possible to determine whether prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations declined, and ________________.

Many office buildings designed to prevent outside air from entering have been shown to have elevated levels of various toxic substances circulating through the air inside, a phenomenon known as sick building syndrome. Yet the air in other office buildings does not have elevated levels of these substances, even though those buildings are the same age as the “sick” buildings and have similar designs and ventilation systems.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why not all office buildings designed to prevent outside air from entering have air that contains elevated levels of toxic substances?